| Cosmological Model of the Living Universe |
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2.- QUANTUM HYPOTHESIS OF UNIFIED FIELD AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIME The hypothesis on which this model is based leaves from the assumption that our universe is not an isolated system. It has sense, consequently, to speak of the nature of its borders, that is to say, of the nature of the edge that separates it of the outside. The answer that I propose is that the border of the universe is the Time. All the events in our universe are developed in the present, as much the future as the past of each event they are outside the universe. On the other hand, in a unified theory one is which all the interactions can be deduced from an only hamiltonian with the highest group possible of symmetries. This would happen to unimaginably high energies, for example in the Big Bang or in the events horizon of a black hole. Considering the indicated thing in this and the previous paragraph, we could enunciate this hypothesis as it follows: Time and space are symmetrical three-dimensional subspaces and together they form the space-time of events. The symmetry plane would be on the event horizon of a black hole. That is, the event horizon of a black hole would separate two symmetrical universes; the spatial dimensions of the mother universe would constitute the temporal dimensions of the child universe (baby universe). Our universe would be a black hole inside another external universe. The spatial dimensions are generated at the beginning of the new universe from three microscopic dimensions of the mother universe (rolled-up dimensions). The three temporal dimensions of the mother universe could give place to three microscopic dimensions in the field of elementary particles (rolled-up dimensions) of the child universe. The group of a mother universe and another child could have nine dimensions. These dimensions are grouped by threes, alternating their functionality in each generation. The concept of time handled here and in the rest of this Web does reference to the time parameter of the wave function. The daily concept of time can be identified with a new quantum observable as it is seen in then following epigraph. The state of movement of all the particles inside the new universe would share a cosmological (radial) component with a speed of c (on time coordinate t3), which could be denominated cosmological time, synchronized to all the particles, that is to say, all the events would share a same present. The t1 coordinate could be denominated gravitational time and t2, electroweak time (both polar and orthogonal coordinates). The essence of this hypothesis is the proposal that time is a three-dimensional subspace. The events in our universe take place along one of their three temporal coordinates (cause-effect fields) or temporal parameters of wave functions. Each event field is independent. Although they may be observed in unison in the subspace of spatial coordinates, the cause-effect principle linked to each temporal coordinate is applied separately to each field. In each causation field, the cause-effect principle is preserved, the rest of the fields simulating geometric properties of the four-dimensional space-time of the first. The predominant interaction in our daily life is electromagnetic. The life of each one of our cells is measured by this temporal coordinate (t2). The Special Theory of Relativity, which is based on Maxwell's electromagnetism, refers only to it. Gravitational events, however, would take place on another formally analogous coordinate (t1). With gravitational time, it would be possible to describe the gravitational field in a way similar to the electromagnetic field. The sources and sinks would be the particles of the mother and child universes. Therefore, gravitational force, initially takes the direction of the force of repulsion between same charges in the child universe (virtual gravitons would move along a negative t1). The Planck mass is the carrier for the interaction between our universe and the external universe, which could be identified with the unified field and would be similar to the C field postulated by Fred Hoyle. This interaction would be responsible for the collapse of the wave function of the universe. Solving the paradoxes of the quantum mechanics this way (Schroedinger's Cat). All Universe would be observed by the universe that contains it each time of Planck. It is interesting to note here that this hypothesis solves the problem of the speed of propagation of gravitational interaction. Indeed, gravitons move at the speed of light on time t1, however, this interaction observed on time t2 seems instantaneous because t1 and t2 are orthogonal coordinates. This means that each Planck's time, the universe would expand a Planck length and receive half a Planck mass. The expansion speed would be c = 2,998 1010 cm/sg. This expansion would not be the consequence of an explosion, but a characteristic of the space-time structure generated by the event universes. It would be the consequence of an interaction between one universe and another, and the Planck constant h, which would take the direction of the engagement or continuity constant, would control it. The external universe can go on accumulating energy near the events horizon of the black hole for any length of time (Generally N' tp of the mother universe). When enough energy is accumulated (one Planck Mass), the step from half a Planck Mass to the black hole or child universe takes place in a Planck Time of the child universe and the rest returns to the mother universe in a Planck Time. In this event, the uncertainty principle is completed: 1/2 mp c2 tp = ћ/2 in both universes. The consequences of this hypothesis are verification that the Hubble radius (Rh), the age of the universe (t3) and the mass of the universe are well-defined quantities (a number exists, N that defines our universe at every instant) and that the universe has an intrinsic and permanently critical energy density. The expansion of the universe would not be a geometric characteristic of the four-dimensional electromagnetic space-time, but rather the consequence of the movement at c speed of all the particles on the radial temporal coordinate t3. Expansion of the universe would be a phenomenon in and of itself, generated on the third component of time, t3, and therefore, independently applicable to any particle. Our universe the same as any black hole would meet permanently with density of critical energy. This expansion would not be directly observable, each observer is only able to feel his own present. Temporal references do not exist on the cosmological temporal coordinate when all observers share the same t3; however, it generates an observable speed on times t1 and t2. This observable speed is what is called Hubble's Law, and in general, following simple geometric reasoning, it can be applied to a particle as follows (Rh is the Hubble radius and r the distance to the observer):
Our universe could be seen as a three-dimensional hologram in a two-dimensional plane surface (temporary coordinates t1 y t2) connecting this way with the last proposals of the superstring theory denominated "Holographic Principle". The square of the "absolute" speed V2 may now be defined as the sum of the square of an intrinsic speed, v2, and speed due to expansion of the universe, v02= c2 r2 / Rh2, that is: V2 = v2 + c2 r2 / Rh2 (2.3) In the paragraph above the word absolute is in quotation marks because in the mother universe it is subject to the same uncertainties as in ours at any other speed Equation (2.2) is valid for cosmological time (t3). On the other two temporal coordinates it is also formally valid, that is, the values observed for v0 are the same, and both c and Rh will be their respective projections on axes t2 y t1: v0 = sin(45º) c r / sin(45º) Rh. The consequence of this hypothesis is to consider particle speed as the composition of two derived speeds, each of them on times t1 y t2: V = v2 + i |v1| (i is the imaginary unit) and therefore: V2 = v22 + v12 v2 = v22 + v12 - c2 r2 / Rh2 (2.4) A first consequence, as we see in following epigraph, of this hypothesis is to allow formulating the Newton law of gravitation so that the constant G doesn't appear explicitly. If we consider the Hubble Constant H as 1 / t3, we obtain in the border of a radius sphere r with a uniform energy distribution ρ(r) the following expression: g = 1/2 H2 r ρ(r) / ρ(Rh) (2.5) Where H2= 1/(N2 G ћ/c5) and ρ(Rh) = ( (1/2) N (ћ c/ G)1/2 ) / ( (4/3) p N3 (G ћ/c3)3/2 ). N is the number of the period of current Planck Time of the universe. As example, the Earth has a radius of 6,37 108 cm. and a mass of 5.97 1027 g., if we consider uniform the mass distribution, we obtain a density of 5.514 g/cc with the values that we will find in the following epigraph, t3 = 18,988 million years and H = 1.67 10-18 sg-1 and the energy density of the universe ρ(Rh) = 4.99 10-30 g/cc, we find g = 981.54 cm/sg2. If we apply the expression (2.1) to the complete universe we obtain an acceleration g0=1/2 H2Rh with value 2.501 10-8 cm/sg2. It can be significant that this value is approximately similar to 2/3 π a0, where a0 is the characteristic acceleration of the proposal MOND of M. Milgrom (a0 = 1,20 10-8 cm/sg2). (MOND: Modified Newtonian Dynamic). Another consequence would be that the value of the energy density of the vacuum detected by the Casimir effect could be calculated applying the expression (1.3) to our universe. If the Hubble Radius is worth 1.796 1028 cm, then the value of 1.661 10-30 g/cc is obtained. The last results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), like it will be seen in the following epigraph, they confirm this model's predictions. These same results introduce a new mystery that this model solves, indeed, the observed age of the universe is 13.700 million years, however, the cosmological structures to great scales not they have been able to develop in so little time; the Living Universe model predicts a real age of the universe of 19.000 millions of years, enough to form these structures, being the observed age (about the time t2 electromagnetic) the projection of the real age of the universe on the electromagnetic temporary coordinate, that is to say, sin(45°) * age of the universe: 0,7071 * 19.000 = 13.473 million years. © Jorge Ales, 2002. http://www.livinguniverseweb.com | |||||||
